![]() ![]() The structure of a two-terminal p-MTJ using the spin-transfer torque effect for switching is shown in Figure 1a. Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJs) are preferred over in-plane magnetic tunnel junctions (i-MTJs) due to their longer retention durations, lower power dissipation, improved thermal stability, ease of scaling, and several other advantages. Multiple MTJ devices with two and three terminals have been explored that utilize various mechanisms such as spin-transfer torque (STT), spin–orbit torque (SOT), and voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) for switching. The other layer is known as a free layer, and its magnetic orientation can be either similar to or opposite that of the pinned layer. One of the FM layers in the MTJ stack has a fixed magnetic orientation and is referred to as a fixed/reference/pinned layer. Ī magnetic tunnel junction is a multilayer nano-stack structure of two ferromagnetic (FM) layers and an oxide layer. Spintronics-based polymorphic and reconfigurable logic is also emerging as a potential method to increase the hardware’s security. Polymorphic gates/circuits can perform function transformation in response to control factors such as temperature, supply voltage, and external inputs because multiple functionalities are integrated into a single structure. Stoica first proposed a unique reconfigurable method based on PGs in 2001. Researchers have investigated the usage of spintronic devices for hardware security primitives such as hardware Trojans, physically unclonable functions (PUFs), true random number generators (TRNGs), and logic locking. These devices have a variety of characteristics, including non-volatility, low power consumption, high durability, and high circuit integration density, which are advantageous for hardware security and in-memory computing. Numerous spintronics phenomena have been studied, including all-spin logic, spin–torque clocking, voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy, current-induced spin accumulation, and usage in a range of applications, including logic circuits, memories, flexible electronics, terahertz emitters, and quantum computer circuits. ![]() ![]() Nanodevices’ numerous inductive and capacitive effects are also thoroughly investigated for the on-chip interconnects. Developments have considerably improved the concept of hardware security in various developing technologies, including memristors, nanowire FETs (NWFETs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene nanocarbon (GNR), and spintronic devices. An untrustworthy and unreliable foundry opens the door to threats such as IP theft, reverse-engineering, counterfeiting, hardware Trojan insertion, overproduction of integrated circuits, and IC cloning. Although using a third party’s fabrication facilities can lower costs and shorten time to market, it also raises significant hardware security issues. Most of the remaining companies have given up on the fabrication process and depend on unreliable foundries to produce their ICs. Therefore, only some semiconductor organizations can handle the entire supply chain, from design to packaging. With the development of semiconductor technology scaling to very deep submicron levels, the cost of manufacturing these devices has significantly grown. The remarkable rise of embedded systems in recent years has led to the globalization of custom integrated circuit (IC) design. For the comparison between the structures based on different MTJs, the physical dimension of the MTJs were kept precisely the same. The TSMC 65nm MOS technology was used in the Cadence Spectre simulator for all simulations in this work. The use of spintronic PGs in IC watermarking and fingerprinting was also explored in this article. The simulation results demonstrated how a single control signal can alter the functionality of the circuit, and the adversary would find it challenging to reverse-engineer the design due to the similarity of the logic blocks’ internal structures. Symmetric circuits using two-terminal MTJs and three-terminal MTJs were designed, analyzed, and compared in this article. Since spintronic devices such as magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) offer non-volatile properties, the state of these devices can be written only once after fabrication for correct functionality. Spintronic-based devices can be used to build polymorphic gates (PGs), which conceal the functionality of the circuits during fabrication. This article looked at how hardware can be made more secure by utilizing the special features of spintronics devices. Spintronic devices are among the most-promising alternatives to CMOS devices for applications that need low power consumption, non-volatility, and ease of integration with silicon substrates. Various hardware security concerns, such as hardware Trojans and IP piracy, have sparked studies in the security field employing alternatives to CMOS chips. ![]()
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